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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>Kaleidoscope: Implementing code generation to LLVM IR</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta name="author" content="Chris Lattner">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../llvm.css" type="text/css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="doc_title">Kaleidoscope: Code generation to LLVM IR</div>
<div class="doc_author">
<p>Written by <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a></p>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_section"><a name="intro">Part 3 Introduction</a></div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_text">
<p>Welcome to part 3 of the "<a href="index.html">Implementing a language with
LLVM</a>" tutorial. This chapter shows you how to transform the <a
href="LangImpl2.html">Abstract Syntax Tree built in Chapter 2</a> into LLVM IR.
This will teach you a little bit about how LLVM does things, as well as
demonstrate how easy it is to use. It's much more work to build a lexer and
parser than it is to generate LLVM IR code.
</p>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_section"><a name="basics">Code Generation setup</a></div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_text">
<p>
In order to generate LLVM IR, we want some simple setup to get started. First,
we define virtual codegen methods in each AST class:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.
class ExprAST {
public:
virtual ~ExprAST() {}
virtual Value *Codegen() = 0;
};
/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".
class NumberExprAST : public ExprAST {
double Val;
public:
NumberExprAST(double val) : Val(val) {}
virtual Value *Codegen();
};
...
</pre>
</div>
<p>"Value" is the class used to represent a "register" in LLVM. The Codegen()
method says to emit IR for that AST node and all things it depends on. The
second thing we want is an "Error" method like we used for parser, which will
be used to report errors found during code generation (for example, use of an
undeclared parameter):</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
Value *ErrorV(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
static Module *TheModule;
static LLVMBuilder Builder;
static std::map<std::string, Value*> NamedValues;
</pre>
</div>
<p>The static variables will be used during code generation. <tt>TheModule</tt>
is the LLVM construct that contains all of the functions and global variables in
a chunk of code. In many ways, it is the top-level structure that the LLVM IR
uses to contain code.</p>
<p>The <tt>Builder</tt> object is a helper object that makes it easy to generate
LLVM instructions. The <tt>Builder</tt> keeps track of the current place to
insert instructions and has methods to create new instructions.</p>
<p>The <tt>NamedValues</tt> map keeps track of which values are defined in the
current scope and what their LLVM representation is. In this form of
Kaleidoscope, the only things that can be referenced are function parameters.
As such, function parameters will be in this map when generating code for their
function body.</p>
<p>
With these basics in place, we can start talking about how to generate code for
each expression. Note that this assumes that the <tt>Builder</tt> has been set
up to generate code <em>into</em> something. For now, we'll assume that this
has already been done, and we'll just use it to emit code.
</p>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_section"><a name="exprs">Expression Code Generation</a></div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_text">
<p>Generating LLVM code for expression nodes is very straight-forward: less
than 45 lines of commented code for all four of our expression nodes. First,
we'll do numeric literals:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
Value *NumberExprAST::Codegen() {
return ConstantFP::get(Type::DoubleTy, APFloat(Val));
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>In the LLVM IR, numeric constants are represented with the ConstantFP class,
which holds the numeric value in an APFloat internally (APFloat has the
capability of holding floating point constants of arbitrary precision). This
code basically just creates and returns a ConstantFP. Note that in the LLVM IR
that constants are all uniqued together and shared. For this reason, the API
uses "the foo::get(...)" idiom instead of a "create" method or "new foo".</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
Value *VariableExprAST::Codegen() {
// Look this variable up in the function.
Value *V = NamedValues[Name];
return V ? V : ErrorV("Unknown variable name");
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>References to variables is also quite simple here. In our system, we assume
that the variable has already been emited somewhere and its value is available.
In practice, the only values in the NamedValues map will be arguments. This
code simply checks to see that the specified name is in the map (if not, an
unknown variable is being referenced) and returns the value for it.</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
Value *BinaryExprAST::Codegen() {
Value *L = LHS->Codegen();
Value *R = RHS->Codegen();
if (L == 0 || R == 0) return 0;
switch (Op) {
case '+': return Builder.CreateAdd(L, R, "addtmp");
case '-': return Builder.CreateSub(L, R, "subtmp");
case '*': return Builder.CreateMul(L, R, "multmp");
case '<':
L = Builder.CreateFCmpULT(L, R, "multmp");
// Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0
return Builder.CreateUIToFP(L, Type::DoubleTy, "booltmp");
default: return ErrorV("invalid binary operator");
}
}
</pre>
</div>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
Value *CallExprAST::Codegen() {
// Look up the name in the global module table.
Function *CalleeF = TheModule->getFunction(Callee);
if (CalleeF == 0)
return ErrorV("Unknown function referenced");
// If argument mismatch error.
if (CalleeF->arg_size() != Args.size())
return ErrorV("Incorrect # arguments passed");
std::vector<Value*> ArgsV;
for (unsigned i = 0, e = Args.size(); i != e; ++i) {
ArgsV.push_back(Args[i]->Codegen());
if (ArgsV.back() == 0) return 0;
}
return Builder.CreateCall(CalleeF, ArgsV.begin(), ArgsV.end(), "calltmp");
}
</pre>
</div>
<h1> more todo</h1>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_section"><a name="code">Conclusions and the Full Code</a></div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
// To build this:
// g++ -g toy.cpp `llvm-config --cppflags` `llvm-config --ldflags` \
// `llvm-config --libs core` -I ~/llvm/include/
// ./a.out
// See example below.
#include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
#include "llvm/Module.h"
#include "llvm/Support/LLVMBuilder.h"
#include <cstdio>
#include <string>
#include <map>
#include <vector>
using namespace llvm;
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Lexer
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one
// of these for known things.
enum Token {
tok_eof = -1,
// commands
tok_def = -2, tok_extern = -3,
// primary
tok_identifier = -4, tok_number = -5,
};
static std::string IdentifierStr; // Filled in if tok_identifier
static double NumVal; // Filled in if tok_number
/// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.
static int gettok() {
static int LastChar = ' ';
// Skip any whitespace.
while (isspace(LastChar))
LastChar = getchar();
if (isalpha(LastChar)) { // identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*
IdentifierStr = LastChar;
while (isalnum((LastChar = getchar())))
IdentifierStr += LastChar;
if (IdentifierStr == "def") return tok_def;
if (IdentifierStr == "extern") return tok_extern;
return tok_identifier;
}
if (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.') { // Number: [0-9.]+
std::string NumStr;
do {
NumStr += LastChar;
LastChar = getchar();
} while (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.');
NumVal = strtod(NumStr.c_str(), 0);
return tok_number;
}
if (LastChar == '#') {
// Comment until end of line.
do LastChar = getchar();
while (LastChar != EOF && LastChar != '\n' & LastChar != '\r');
if (LastChar != EOF)
return gettok();
}
// Check for end of file. Don't eat the EOF.
if (LastChar == EOF)
return tok_eof;
// Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.
int ThisChar = LastChar;
LastChar = getchar();
return ThisChar;
}
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.
class ExprAST {
public:
virtual ~ExprAST() {}
virtual Value *Codegen() = 0;
};
/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".
class NumberExprAST : public ExprAST {
double Val;
public:
NumberExprAST(double val) : Val(val) {}
virtual Value *Codegen();
};
/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".
class VariableExprAST : public ExprAST {
std::string Name;
public:
VariableExprAST(const std::string &name) : Name(name) {}
virtual Value *Codegen();
};
/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.
class BinaryExprAST : public ExprAST {
char Op;
ExprAST *LHS, *RHS;
public:
BinaryExprAST(char op, ExprAST *lhs, ExprAST *rhs)
: Op(op), LHS(lhs), RHS(rhs) {}
virtual Value *Codegen();
};
/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.
class CallExprAST : public ExprAST {
std::string Callee;
std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
public:
CallExprAST(const std::string &callee, std::vector<ExprAST*> &args)
: Callee(callee), Args(args) {}
virtual Value *Codegen();
};
/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,
/// which captures its argument names as well as if it is an operator.
class PrototypeAST {
std::string Name;
std::vector<std::string> Args;
public:
PrototypeAST(const std::string &name, const std::vector<std::string> &args)
: Name(name), Args(args) {}
Function *Codegen();
};
/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.
class FunctionAST {
PrototypeAST *Proto;
ExprAST *Body;
public:
FunctionAST(PrototypeAST *proto, ExprAST *body)
: Proto(proto), Body(body) {}
Function *Codegen();
};
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Parser
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer. CurTok is the current
/// token the parser it looking at. getNextToken reads another token from the
/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.
static int CurTok;
static int getNextToken() {
return CurTok = gettok();
}
/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is
/// defined.
static std::map<char, int> BinopPrecedence;
/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.
static int GetTokPrecedence() {
if (!isascii(CurTok))
return -1;
// Make sure it's a declared binop.
int TokPrec = BinopPrecedence[CurTok];
if (TokPrec <= 0) return -1;
return TokPrec;
}
/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.
ExprAST *Error(const char *Str) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", Str);return 0;}
PrototypeAST *ErrorP(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
FunctionAST *ErrorF(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
static ExprAST *ParseExpression();
/// identifierexpr
/// ::= identifer
/// ::= identifer '(' expression* ')'
static ExprAST *ParseIdentifierExpr() {
std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
getNextToken(); // eat identifer.
if (CurTok != '(') // Simple variable ref.
return new VariableExprAST(IdName);
// Call.
getNextToken(); // eat (
std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
while (1) {
ExprAST *Arg = ParseExpression();
if (!Arg) return 0;
Args.push_back(Arg);
if (CurTok == ')') break;
if (CurTok != ',')
return Error("Expected ')'");
getNextToken();
}
// Eat the ')'.
getNextToken();
return new CallExprAST(IdName, Args);
}
/// numberexpr ::= number
static ExprAST *ParseNumberExpr() {
ExprAST *Result = new NumberExprAST(NumVal);
getNextToken(); // consume the number
return Result;
}
/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'
static ExprAST *ParseParenExpr() {
getNextToken(); // eat (.
ExprAST *V = ParseExpression();
if (!V) return 0;
if (CurTok != ')')
return Error("expected ')'");
getNextToken(); // eat ).
return V;
}
/// primary
/// ::= identifierexpr
/// ::= numberexpr
/// ::= parenexpr
static ExprAST *ParsePrimary() {
switch (CurTok) {
default: return Error("unknown token when expecting an expression");
case tok_identifier: return ParseIdentifierExpr();
case tok_number: return ParseNumberExpr();
case '(': return ParseParenExpr();
}
}
/// binoprhs
/// ::= ('+' primary)*
static ExprAST *ParseBinOpRHS(int ExprPrec, ExprAST *LHS) {
// If this is a binop, find its precedence.
while (1) {
int TokPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
// If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,
// consume it, otherwise we are done.
if (TokPrec < ExprPrec)
return LHS;
// Okay, we know this is a binop.
int BinOp = CurTok;
getNextToken(); // eat binop
// Parse the primary expression after the binary operator.
ExprAST *RHS = ParsePrimary();
if (!RHS) return 0;
// If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let
// the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.
int NextPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
if (TokPrec < NextPrec) {
RHS = ParseBinOpRHS(TokPrec+1, RHS);
if (RHS == 0) return 0;
}
// Merge LHS/RHS.
LHS = new BinaryExprAST(BinOp, LHS, RHS);
}
}
/// expression
/// ::= primary binoprhs
///
static ExprAST *ParseExpression() {
ExprAST *LHS = ParsePrimary();
if (!LHS) return 0;
return ParseBinOpRHS(0, LHS);
}
/// prototype
/// ::= id '(' id* ')'
static PrototypeAST *ParsePrototype() {
if (CurTok != tok_identifier)
return ErrorP("Expected function name in prototype");
std::string FnName = IdentifierStr;
getNextToken();
if (CurTok != '(')
return ErrorP("Expected '(' in prototype");
std::vector<std::string> ArgNames;
while (getNextToken() == tok_identifier)
ArgNames.push_back(IdentifierStr);
if (CurTok != ')')
return ErrorP("Expected ')' in prototype");
// success.
getNextToken(); // eat ')'.
return new PrototypeAST(FnName, ArgNames);
}
/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression
static FunctionAST *ParseDefinition() {
getNextToken(); // eat def.
PrototypeAST *Proto = ParsePrototype();
if (Proto == 0) return 0;
if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression())
return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
return 0;
}
/// toplevelexpr ::= expression
static FunctionAST *ParseTopLevelExpr() {
if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression()) {
// Make an anonymous proto.
PrototypeAST *Proto = new PrototypeAST("", std::vector<std::string>());
return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
}
return 0;
}
/// external ::= 'extern' prototype
static PrototypeAST *ParseExtern() {
getNextToken(); // eat extern.
return ParsePrototype();
}
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Code Generation
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
static Module *TheModule;
static LLVMBuilder Builder;
static std::map<std::string, Value*> NamedValues;
Value *ErrorV(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
Value *NumberExprAST::Codegen() {
return ConstantFP::get(Type::DoubleTy, APFloat(Val));
}
Value *Var
|
