diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/x86')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/x86/00-INDEX | 18 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/x86/boot.txt | 87 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/x86/early-microcode.txt | 42 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/x86/earlyprintk.txt | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/x86/efi-stub.txt | 65 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt | 46 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.txt | 13 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/x86/zero-page.txt | 4 |
9 files changed, 159 insertions, 120 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/x86/00-INDEX b/Documentation/x86/00-INDEX index f37b46d3486..692264456f0 100644 --- a/Documentation/x86/00-INDEX +++ b/Documentation/x86/00-INDEX @@ -1,6 +1,20 @@ 00-INDEX - this file -mtrr.txt - - how to use x86 Memory Type Range Registers to increase performance +boot.txt + - List of boot protocol versions +early-microcode.txt + - How to load microcode from an initrd-CPIO archive early to fix CPU issues. +earlyprintk.txt + - Using earlyprintk with a USB2 debug port key. +entry_64.txt + - Describe (some of the) kernel entry points for x86. exception-tables.txt - why and how Linux kernel uses exception tables on x86 +mtrr.txt + - how to use x86 Memory Type Range Registers to increase performance +pat.txt + - Page Attribute Table intro and API +usb-legacy-support.txt + - how to fix/avoid quirks when using emulated PS/2 mouse/keyboard. +zero-page.txt + - layout of the first page of memory. diff --git a/Documentation/x86/boot.txt b/Documentation/x86/boot.txt index 9efceff51bf..a75e3adaa39 100644 --- a/Documentation/x86/boot.txt +++ b/Documentation/x86/boot.txt @@ -57,6 +57,10 @@ Protocol 2.10: (Kernel 2.6.31) Added a protocol for relaxed alignment Protocol 2.11: (Kernel 3.6) Added a field for offset of EFI handover protocol entry point. +Protocol 2.12: (Kernel 3.8) Added the xloadflags field and extension fields + to struct boot_params for loading bzImage and ramdisk + above 4G in 64bit. + **** MEMORY LAYOUT The traditional memory map for the kernel loader, used for Image or @@ -178,11 +182,11 @@ Offset Proto Name Meaning 0226/1 2.02+(3 ext_loader_ver Extended boot loader version 0227/1 2.02+(3 ext_loader_type Extended boot loader ID 0228/4 2.02+ cmd_line_ptr 32-bit pointer to the kernel command line -022C/4 2.03+ ramdisk_max Highest legal initrd address +022C/4 2.03+ initrd_addr_max Highest legal initrd address 0230/4 2.05+ kernel_alignment Physical addr alignment required for kernel 0234/1 2.05+ relocatable_kernel Whether kernel is relocatable or not 0235/1 2.10+ min_alignment Minimum alignment, as a power of two -0236/2 N/A pad3 Unused +0236/2 2.12+ xloadflags Boot protocol option flags 0238/4 2.06+ cmdline_size Maximum size of the kernel command line 023C/4 2.07+ hardware_subarch Hardware subarchitecture 0240/8 2.07+ hardware_subarch_data Subarchitecture-specific data @@ -373,7 +377,7 @@ Protocol: 2.00+ 1 Loadlin 2 bootsect-loader (0x20, all other values reserved) 3 Syslinux - 4 Etherboot/gPXE + 4 Etherboot/gPXE/iPXE 5 ELILO 7 GRUB 8 U-Boot @@ -381,10 +385,12 @@ Protocol: 2.00+ A Gujin B Qemu C Arcturus Networks uCbootloader + D kexec-tools E Extended (see ext_loader_type) F Special (0xFF = undefined) 10 Reserved 11 Minimal Linux Bootloader <http://sebastian-plotz.blogspot.de> + 12 OVMF UEFI virtualization stack Please contact <hpa@zytor.com> if you need a bootloader ID value assigned. @@ -528,7 +534,7 @@ Protocol: 2.02+ zero, the kernel will assume that your boot loader does not support the 2.02+ protocol. -Field name: ramdisk_max +Field name: initrd_addr_max Type: read Offset/size: 0x22c/4 Protocol: 2.03+ @@ -581,6 +587,30 @@ Protocol: 2.10+ misaligned kernel. Therefore, a loader should typically try each power-of-two alignment from kernel_alignment down to this alignment. +Field name: xloadflags +Type: read +Offset/size: 0x236/2 +Protocol: 2.12+ + + This field is a bitmask. + + Bit 0 (read): XLF_KERNEL_64 + - If 1, this kernel has the legacy 64-bit entry point at 0x200. + + Bit 1 (read): XLF_CAN_BE_LOADED_ABOVE_4G + - If 1, kernel/boot_params/cmdline/ramdisk can be above 4G. + + Bit 2 (read): XLF_EFI_HANDOVER_32 + - If 1, the kernel supports the 32-bit EFI handoff entry point + given at handover_offset. + + Bit 3 (read): XLF_EFI_HANDOVER_64 + - If 1, the kernel supports the 64-bit EFI handoff entry point + given at handover_offset + 0x200. + + Bit 4 (read): XLF_EFI_KEXEC + - If 1, the kernel supports kexec EFI boot with EFI runtime support. + Field name: cmdline_size Type: read Offset/size: 0x238/4 @@ -630,9 +660,10 @@ Protocol: 2.08+ uncompressed data should be determined using the standard magic numbers. The currently supported compression formats are gzip (magic numbers 1F 8B or 1F 9E), bzip2 (magic number 42 5A), LZMA - (magic number 5D 00), and XZ (magic number FD 37). The uncompressed - payload is currently always ELF (magic number 7F 45 4C 46). - + (magic number 5D 00), XZ (magic number FD 37), and LZ4 (magic number + 02 21). The uncompressed payload is currently always ELF (magic + number 7F 45 4C 46). + Field name: payload_length Type: read Offset/size: 0x24c/4 @@ -1013,7 +1044,7 @@ boot_params as that of 16-bit boot protocol, the boot loader should also fill the additional fields of the struct boot_params as that described in zero-page.txt. -After setupping the struct boot_params, the boot loader can load the +After setting up the struct boot_params, the boot loader can load the 32/64-bit kernel in the same way as that of 16-bit boot protocol. In 32-bit boot protocol, the kernel is started by jumping to the @@ -1023,11 +1054,49 @@ In 32-bit boot protocol, the kernel is started by jumping to the At entry, the CPU must be in 32-bit protected mode with paging disabled; a GDT must be loaded with the descriptors for selectors __BOOT_CS(0x10) and __BOOT_DS(0x18); both descriptors must be 4G flat -segment; __BOOS_CS must have execute/read permission, and __BOOT_DS +segment; __BOOT_CS must have execute/read permission, and __BOOT_DS must have read/write permission; CS must be __BOOT_CS and DS, ES, SS must be __BOOT_DS; interrupt must be disabled; %esi must hold the base address of the struct boot_params; %ebp, %edi and %ebx must be zero. +**** 64-bit BOOT PROTOCOL + +For machine with 64bit cpus and 64bit kernel, we could use 64bit bootloader +and we need a 64-bit boot protocol. + +In 64-bit boot protocol, the first step in loading a Linux kernel +should be to setup the boot parameters (struct boot_params, +traditionally known as "zero page"). The memory for struct boot_params +could be allocated anywhere (even above 4G) and initialized to all zero. +Then, the setup header at offset 0x01f1 of kernel image on should be +loaded into struct boot_params and examined. The end of setup header +can be calculated as follows: + + 0x0202 + byte value at offset 0x0201 + +In addition to read/modify/write the setup header of the struct +boot_params as that of 16-bit boot protocol, the boot loader should +also fill the additional fields of the struct boot_params as described +in zero-page.txt. + +After setting up the struct boot_params, the boot loader can load +64-bit kernel in the same way as that of 16-bit boot protocol, but +kernel could be loaded above 4G. + +In 64-bit boot protocol, the kernel is started by jumping to the +64-bit kernel entry point, which is the start address of loaded +64-bit kernel plus 0x200. + +At entry, the CPU must be in 64-bit mode with paging enabled. +The range with setup_header.init_size from start address of loaded +kernel and zero page and command line buffer get ident mapping; +a GDT must be loaded with the descriptors for selectors +__BOOT_CS(0x10) and __BOOT_DS(0x18); both descriptors must be 4G flat +segment; __BOOT_CS must have execute/read permission, and __BOOT_DS +must have read/write permission; CS must be __BOOT_CS and DS, ES, SS +must be __BOOT_DS; interrupt must be disabled; %rsi must hold the base +address of the struct boot_params. + **** EFI HANDOVER PROTOCOL This protocol allows boot loaders to defer initialisation to the EFI diff --git a/Documentation/x86/early-microcode.txt b/Documentation/x86/early-microcode.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d62bea6796d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/x86/early-microcode.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Early load microcode +==================== +By Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com> + +Kernel can update microcode in early phase of boot time. Loading microcode early +can fix CPU issues before they are observed during kernel boot time. + +Microcode is stored in an initrd file. The microcode is read from the initrd +file and loaded to CPUs during boot time. + +The format of the combined initrd image is microcode in cpio format followed by +the initrd image (maybe compressed). Kernel parses the combined initrd image +during boot time. The microcode file in cpio name space is: +on Intel: kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin +on AMD : kernel/x86/microcode/AuthenticAMD.bin + +During BSP boot (before SMP starts), if the kernel finds the microcode file in +the initrd file, it parses the microcode and saves matching microcode in memory. +If matching microcode is found, it will be uploaded in BSP and later on in all +APs. + +The cached microcode patch is applied when CPUs resume from a sleep state. + +There are two legacy user space interfaces to load microcode, either through +/dev/cpu/microcode or through /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload file +in sysfs. + +In addition to these two legacy methods, the early loading method described +here is the third method with which microcode can be uploaded to a system's +CPUs. + +The following example script shows how to generate a new combined initrd file in +/boot/initrd-3.5.0.ucode.img with original microcode microcode.bin and +original initrd image /boot/initrd-3.5.0.img. + +mkdir initrd +cd initrd +mkdir -p kernel/x86/microcode +cp ../microcode.bin kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin (or AuthenticAMD.bin) +find . | cpio -o -H newc >../ucode.cpio +cd .. +cat ucode.cpio /boot/initrd-3.5.0.img >/boot/initrd-3.5.0.ucode.img diff --git a/Documentation/x86/earlyprintk.txt b/Documentation/x86/earlyprintk.txt index f19802c0f48..688e3eeed21 100644 --- a/Documentation/x86/earlyprintk.txt +++ b/Documentation/x86/earlyprintk.txt @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ and two USB cables, connected like this: ... ( If your system does not list a debug port capability then you probably - wont be able to use the USB debug key. ) + won't be able to use the USB debug key. ) b.) You also need a Netchip USB debug cable/key: diff --git a/Documentation/x86/efi-stub.txt b/Documentation/x86/efi-stub.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 44e6bb6ead1..00000000000 --- a/Documentation/x86/efi-stub.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,65 +0,0 @@ - The EFI Boot Stub - --------------------------- - -On the x86 platform, a bzImage can masquerade as a PE/COFF image, -thereby convincing EFI firmware loaders to load it as an EFI -executable. The code that modifies the bzImage header, along with the -EFI-specific entry point that the firmware loader jumps to are -collectively known as the "EFI boot stub", and live in -arch/x86/boot/header.S and arch/x86/boot/compressed/eboot.c, -respectively. - -By using the EFI boot stub it's possible to boot a Linux kernel -without the use of a conventional EFI boot loader, such as grub or -elilo. Since the EFI boot stub performs the jobs of a boot loader, in -a certain sense it *IS* the boot loader. - -The EFI boot stub is enabled with the CONFIG_EFI_STUB kernel option. - - -**** How to install bzImage.efi - -The bzImage located in arch/x86/boot/bzImage must be copied to the EFI -System Partiion (ESP) and renamed with the extension ".efi". Without -the extension the EFI firmware loader will refuse to execute it. It's -not possible to execute bzImage.efi from the usual Linux file systems -because EFI firmware doesn't have support for them. - - -**** Passing kernel parameters from the EFI shell - -Arguments to the kernel can be passed after bzImage.efi, e.g. - - fs0:> bzImage.efi console=ttyS0 root=/dev/sda4 - - -**** The "initrd=" option - -Like most boot loaders, the EFI stub allows the user to specify -multiple initrd files using the "initrd=" option. This is the only EFI -stub-specific command line parameter, everything else is passed to the -kernel when it boots. - -The path to the initrd file must be an absolute path from the -beginning of the ESP, relative path names do not work. Also, the path -is an EFI-style path and directory elements must be separated with -backslashes (\). For example, given the following directory layout, - -fs0:> - Kernels\ - bzImage.efi - initrd-large.img - - Ramdisks\ - initrd-small.img - initrd-medium.img - -to boot with the initrd-large.img file if the current working -directory is fs0:\Kernels, the following command must be used, - - fs0:\Kernels> bzImage.efi initrd=\Kernels\initrd-large.img - -Notice how bzImage.efi can be specified with a relative path. That's -because the image we're executing is interpreted by the EFI shell, -which understands relative paths, whereas the rest of the command line -is passed to bzImage.efi. diff --git a/Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt b/Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt index 30b4c714fbe..15f5baf7e1b 100644 --- a/Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt +++ b/Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ your PCI configuration: echo -n pirq=; echo `scanpci | grep T_L | cut -c56-` | sed 's/ /,/g' -note that this script wont work if you have skipped a few slots or if your +note that this script won't work if you have skipped a few slots or if your board does not do default daisy-chaining. (or the IO-APIC has the PIRQ pins connected in some strange way). E.g. if in the above case you have your SCSI card (IRQ11) in Slot3, and have Slot1 empty: diff --git a/Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt b/Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt index de38429beb7..5223479291a 100644 --- a/Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt @@ -78,33 +78,11 @@ APICs no_timer_check Don't check the IO-APIC timer. This can work around problems with incorrect timer initialization on some boards. - - apicmaintimer Run time keeping from the local APIC timer instead - of using the PIT/HPET interrupt for this. This is useful - when the PIT/HPET interrupts are unreliable. - - noapicmaintimer Don't do time keeping using the APIC timer. - Useful when this option was auto selected, but doesn't work. - apicpmtimer Do APIC timer calibration using the pmtimer. Implies apicmaintimer. Useful when your PIT timer is totally broken. -Early Console - - syntax: earlyprintk=vga - earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]] - - The early console is useful when the kernel crashes before the - normal console is initialized. It is not enabled by - default because it has some cosmetic problems. - Append ,keep to not disable it when the real console takes over. - Only vga or serial at a time, not both. - Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 are supported. - Interaction with the standard serial driver is not very good. - The VGA output is eventually overwritten by the real console. - Timing notsc @@ -112,10 +90,6 @@ Timing This can be used to work around timing problems on multiprocessor systems with not properly synchronized CPUs. - report_lost_ticks - Report when timer interrupts are lost because some code turned off - interrupts for too long. - nohpet Don't use the HPET timer. @@ -162,11 +136,6 @@ Non Executable Mappings on Enable(default) off Disable -SMP - - additional_cpus=NUM Allow NUM more CPUs for hotplug - (defaults are specified by the BIOS, see Documentation/x86/x86_64/cpu-hotplug-spec) - NUMA numa=off Only set up a single NUMA node spanning all memory. @@ -194,6 +163,11 @@ ACPI acpi=noirq Don't route interrupts + acpi=nocmcff Disable firmware first mode for corrected errors. This + disables parsing the HEST CMC error source to check if + firmware has set the FF flag. This may result in + duplicate corrected error reports. + PCI pci=off Don't use PCI @@ -302,16 +276,6 @@ Debugging kstack=N Print N words from the kernel stack in oops dumps. - pagefaulttrace Dump all page faults. Only useful for extreme debugging - and will create a lot of output. - - call_trace=[old|both|newfallback|new] - old: use old inexact backtracer - new: use new exact dwarf2 unwinder - both: print entries from both - newfallback: use new unwinder but fall back to old if it gets - stuck (default) - Miscellaneous nogbpages diff --git a/Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.txt b/Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.txt index d6498e3cd71..afe68ddbe6a 100644 --- a/Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.txt +++ b/Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.txt @@ -12,8 +12,12 @@ ffffc90000000000 - ffffe8ffffffffff (=45 bits) vmalloc/ioremap space ffffe90000000000 - ffffe9ffffffffff (=40 bits) hole ffffea0000000000 - ffffeaffffffffff (=40 bits) virtual memory map (1TB) ... unused hole ... +ffffff0000000000 - ffffff7fffffffff (=39 bits) %esp fixup stacks +... unused hole ... ffffffff80000000 - ffffffffa0000000 (=512 MB) kernel text mapping, from phys 0 -ffffffffa0000000 - fffffffffff00000 (=1536 MB) module mapping space +ffffffffa0000000 - ffffffffff5fffff (=1525 MB) module mapping space +ffffffffff600000 - ffffffffffdfffff (=8 MB) vsyscalls +ffffffffffe00000 - ffffffffffffffff (=2 MB) unused hole The direct mapping covers all memory in the system up to the highest memory address (this means in some cases it can also include PCI memory @@ -26,4 +30,11 @@ reference. Current X86-64 implementations only support 40 bits of address space, but we support up to 46 bits. This expands into MBZ space in the page tables. +->trampoline_pgd: + +We map EFI runtime services in the aforementioned PGD in the virtual +range of 64Gb (arbitrarily set, can be raised if needed) + +0xffffffef00000000 - 0xffffffff00000000 + -Andi Kleen, Jul 2004 diff --git a/Documentation/x86/zero-page.txt b/Documentation/x86/zero-page.txt index cf5437deda8..199f453cb4d 100644 --- a/Documentation/x86/zero-page.txt +++ b/Documentation/x86/zero-page.txt @@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ Offset Proto Name Meaning 090/010 ALL hd1_info hd1 disk parameter, OBSOLETE!! 0A0/010 ALL sys_desc_table System description table (struct sys_desc_table) 0B0/010 ALL olpc_ofw_header OLPC's OpenFirmware CIF and friends +0C0/004 ALL ext_ramdisk_image ramdisk_image high 32bits +0C4/004 ALL ext_ramdisk_size ramdisk_size high 32bits +0C8/004 ALL ext_cmd_line_ptr cmd_line_ptr high 32bits 140/080 ALL edid_info Video mode setup (struct edid_info) 1C0/020 ALL efi_info EFI 32 information (struct efi_info) 1E0/004 ALL alk_mem_k Alternative mem check, in KB @@ -27,6 +30,7 @@ Offset Proto Name Meaning 1E9/001 ALL eddbuf_entries Number of entries in eddbuf (below) 1EA/001 ALL edd_mbr_sig_buf_entries Number of entries in edd_mbr_sig_buffer (below) +1EF/001 ALL sentinel Used to detect broken bootloaders 290/040 ALL edd_mbr_sig_buffer EDD MBR signatures 2D0/A00 ALL e820_map E820 memory map table (array of struct e820entry) |