/* * Routines for control of the AK4114 via I2C and 4-wire serial interface * IEC958 (S/PDIF) receiver by Asahi Kasei * Copyright (c) by Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz> * * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA * */ #include <linux/slab.h> #include <linux/delay.h> #include <sound/core.h> #include <sound/control.h> #include <sound/pcm.h> #include <sound/ak4114.h> #include <sound/asoundef.h> #include <sound/info.h> MODULE_AUTHOR("Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>"); MODULE_DESCRIPTION("AK4114 IEC958 (S/PDIF) receiver by Asahi Kasei"); MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); #define AK4114_ADDR 0x00 /* fixed address */ static void ak4114_stats(struct work_struct *work); static void ak4114_init_regs(struct ak4114 *chip); static void reg_write(struct ak4114 *ak4114, unsigned char reg, unsigned char val) { ak4114->write(ak4114->private_data, reg, val); if (reg <= AK4114_REG_INT1_MASK) ak4114->regmap[reg] = val; else if (reg >= AK4114_REG_TXCSB0 && reg <= AK4114_REG_TXCSB4) ak4114->txcsb[reg-AK4114_REG_TXCSB0] = val; } static inline unsigned char reg_read(struct ak4114 *ak4114, unsigned char reg) { return ak4114->read(ak4114->private_data, reg); } #if 0 static void reg_dump(struct ak4114 *ak4114) { int i; printk(KERN_DEBUG "AK4114 REG DUMP:\n"); for (i = 0; i < 0x20; i++) printk(KERN_DEBUG "reg[%02x] = %02x (%02x)\n", i, reg_read(ak4114, i), i < sizeof(ak4114->regmap) ? ak4114->regmap[i] : 0); } #endif static void snd_ak4114_free(struct ak4114 *chip) { chip->init = 1; /* don't schedule new work */ mb(); cancel_delayed_work(&chip->work); flush_scheduled_work(); kfree(chip); } static int snd_ak4114_dev_free(struct snd_device *device) { struct ak4114 *chip = device->device_data; snd_ak4114_free(chip); return 0; } int snd_ak4114_create(struct snd_card *card, ak4114_read_t *read, ak4114_write_t *write, const unsigned char pgm[7], const unsigned char txcsb[5], void *private_data, struct ak4114 **r_ak4114) { struct ak4114 *chip; int err = 0; unsigned char reg; static struct snd_device_ops ops = { .dev_free = snd_ak4114_dev_free, }; chip = kzalloc(sizeof(*chip), GFP_KERNEL); if (chip == NULL) return -ENOMEM; spin_lock_init(&chip->lock); chip->card = card; chip->read = read; chip->write = write; chip->private_data = private_data; INIT_DELAYED_WORK(&chip->work, ak4114_stats); for (reg = 0; reg < 7; reg++) chip->regmap[reg] = pgm[reg]; for (reg = 0; reg < 5; reg++) chip->txcsb[reg] = txcsb[reg]; ak4114_init_regs(chip); chip->rcs0 = reg_read(chip, AK4114_REG_RCS0) & ~(AK4114_QINT | AK4114_CINT); chip->rcs1 = reg_read(chip, AK4114_REG_RCS1); if ((err = snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL, chip, &ops)) < 0) goto __fail; if (r_ak4114) *r_ak4114 = chip; return 0; __fail: snd_ak4114_free(chip); return err < 0 ? err : -EIO; } void snd_ak4114_reg_write(struct ak4114 *chip, unsigned char reg, unsigned char mask, unsigned char val) { if (reg <= AK4114_REG_INT1_MASK) reg_write(chip, reg, (chip->regmap[reg] & ~mask) | val); else if (reg >= AK4114_REG_TXCSB0 && reg <= AK4114_REG_TXCSB4) reg_write(chip, reg, (chip->txcsb[reg-AK4114_REG_TXCSB0] & ~mask) | val); } static void ak4114_init_regs(struct ak4114 *chip) { unsigned char old = chip->regmap[AK4114_REG_PWRDN], reg; /* bring the chip to reset state and powerdown state */ reg_write(chip, AK4114_REG_PWRDN, old & ~(AK4114_RST|AK4114_PWN)); udelay(200); /* release reset, but leave powerdown */ reg_write(chip, AK4114_REG_PWRDN, (old | AK4114_RST) & ~AK4114_PWN); udelay(200); for (reg = 1; reg < 7; reg++) reg_write(chip, reg, chip->regmap[reg]); for (reg = 0; reg < 5; reg++) reg_write(chip, reg + AK4114_REG_TXCSB0, chip->txcsb[reg]); /* release powerdown, everything is initialized now */ reg_write(chip, AK4114_REG_PWRDN, old | AK4114_RST | AK4114_PWN); } void snd_ak4114_reinit(struct ak4114 *chip) { chip->init = 1; mb(); flush_scheduled_work(); ak4114_init_regs(chip); /* bring up statistics / event queing */ chip->init = 0; if (chip->kctls[0]) schedule_delayed_work(&chip->work, HZ / 10); } static unsigned int external_rate(unsigned char rcs1) { switch (rcs1 & (AK4114_FS0|AK4114_FS1|AK4114_FS2|AK4114_FS3)) { case AK4114_FS_32000HZ: return 32000; case AK4114_FS_44100HZ: return 44100; case AK4114_FS_48000HZ: return 48000; case AK4114_FS_88200HZ: return 88200; case AK4114_FS_96000HZ: return 96000; case AK4114_FS_176400HZ: return 176400; case AK4114_FS_192000HZ: return 192000; default: return 0; } } static int snd_ak4114_in_error_info(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_info *uinfo) { uinfo->type = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_INTEGER; uinfo->count = 1; uinfo->value.integer.min = 0; uinfo->value.integer.max = LONG_MAX; return 0; } static int snd_ak4114_in_error_get(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol) { struct ak4114 *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kcontrol); long *ptr; spin_lock_irq(&chip->lock); ptr = (long *)(((char *)chip) + kcontrol->private_value); ucontrol->value.integer.value[0] = *ptr; *ptr = 0; spin_unlock_irq(&chip->lock); return 0; } #define snd_ak4114_in_bit_info snd_ctl_boolean_mono_info static int snd_ak4114_in_bit_get(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol) { struct ak4114 *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kcontrol); unsigned char reg = kcontrol->private_value & 0xff; unsigned char bit = (kcontrol->private_value >> 8) & 0xff; unsigned char inv = (kcontrol->private_value >> 31) & 1; ucontrol->value.integer.value[0] = ((reg_read(chip, reg) & (1 << bit)) ? 1 : 0) ^ inv; return 0; } static int snd_ak4114_rate_info(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_info *uinfo) { uinfo->type = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_INTEGER; uinfo->count = 1; uinfo->value.integer.min = 0; uinfo->value.integer.max = 192000; return 0; } static int snd_ak4114_rate_get(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol) { struct ak4114 *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kcontrol); ucontrol->value.integer.value[0] = external_rate(reg_read(chip, AK4114_REG_RCS1)); return 0; } static int snd_ak4114_spdif_info(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_info *uinfo) { uinfo->type = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_IEC958; uinfo->count = 1; return 0; } static int snd_ak4114_spdif_get(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol) { struct ak4114 *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kcontrol); unsigned i; for (i = 0; i < AK4114_REG_RXCSB_SIZE; i++) ucontrol->value.iec958.status[i] = reg_read(chip, AK4114_REG_RXCSB0 + i); return 0; } static int snd_ak4114_spdif_playback_get(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol) { struct ak4114 *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kcontrol); unsigned i; for (i = 0; i < AK4114_REG_TXCSB_SIZE; i++) ucontrol->value.iec958.status[i] = chip->txcsb[i]; return 0; } static int snd_ak4114_spdif_playback_put(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol) { struct ak4114 *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kcontrol); unsigned i; for (i = 0; i < AK4114_REG_TXCSB_SIZE; i++) reg_write(chip, AK4114_REG_TXCSB0 + i, ucontrol->value.iec958.status[i]); return 0; } static int snd_ak4114_spdif_mask_info(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_info *uinfo) { uinfo->type = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_IEC958; uinfo->count = 1; return 0; } static int snd_ak4114_spdif_mask_get(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol) { memset(ucontrol->value.iec958.status, 0xff, AK4114_REG_RXCSB_SIZE); return 0; } static int snd_ak4114_spdif_pinfo(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_info *uinfo) { uinfo->type = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_INTEGER; uinfo->value.integer.min = 0; uinfo->value.integer.max = 0xffff; uinfo->count = 4; return 0; } static int snd_ak4114_spdif_pget(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol) { struct ak4114 *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kcontrol); unsigned short tmp; ucontrol->value.integer.value[0] = 0xf8f2; ucontrol->value.integer.value[1] = 0x4e1f; tmp = reg_read(chip, AK4114_REG_Pc0) | (reg_read(chip, AK4114_REG_Pc1) << 8); ucontrol->value.integer.value[2] = tmp; tmp = reg_read(chip, AK4114_REG_Pd0) | (reg_read(chip, AK4114_REG_Pd1) << 8); ucontrol->value.integer.value[3] = tmp; return 0; } static int snd_ak4114_spdif_qinfo(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_info *uinfo) { uinfo->type = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_BYTES; uinfo->count = AK4114_REG_QSUB_SIZE; return 0; } static int snd_ak4114_spdif_qget(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol) { struct ak4114 *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kcontrol); unsigned i; for (i = 0; i < AK4114_REG_QSUB_SIZE; i++) ucontrol->value.bytes.data[i] = reg_read(chip, AK4114_REG_QSUB_ADDR + i); return 0; } /* Don't forget to change AK4114_CONTROLS define!!! */ static struct snd_kcontrol_new snd_ak4114_iec958_controls[] = { { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = "IEC958 Parity Errors", .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, .info = snd_ak4114_in_error_info, .get = snd_ak4114_in_error_get, .private_value = offsetof(struct ak4114, parity_errors), }, { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = "IEC958 V-Bit Errors", .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, .info = snd_ak4114_in_error_info, .get = snd_ak4114_in_error_get, .private_value = offsetof(struct ak4114, v_bit_errors), }, { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = "IEC958 C-CRC Errors", .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, .info = snd_ak4114_in_error_info, .get = snd_ak4114_in_error_get, .private_value = offsetof(struct ak4114, ccrc_errors), }, { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = "IEC958 Q-CRC Errors", .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, .info = snd_ak4114_in_error_info, .get = snd_ak4114_in_error_get, .private_value = offsetof(struct ak4114, qcrc_errors), }, { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = "IEC958 External Rate", .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, .info = snd_ak4114_rate_info, .get = snd_ak4114_rate_get, }, { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,MASK), .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ, .info = snd_ak4114_spdif_mask_info, .get = snd_ak4114_spdif_mask_get, }, { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,DEFAULT), .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, .info = snd_ak4114_spdif_info, .get = snd_ak4114_spdif_playback_get, .put = snd_ak4114_spdif_playback_put, }, { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",CAPTURE,MASK), .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ, .info = snd_ak4114_spdif_mask_info, .get = snd_ak4114_spdif_mask_get, }, { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",CAPTURE,DEFAULT), .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, .info = snd_ak4114_spdif_info, .get = snd_ak4114_spdif_get, }, { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = "IEC958 Preample Capture Default", .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, .info = snd_ak4114_spdif_pinfo, .get = snd_ak4114_spdif_pget, }, { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = "IEC958 Q-subcode Capture Default", .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, .info = snd_ak4114_spdif_qinfo, .get = snd_ak4114_spdif_qget, }, { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = "IEC958 Audio", .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, .info = snd_ak4114_in_bit_info, .get = snd_ak4114_in_bit_get, .private_value = (1<<31) | (1<<8) | AK4114_REG_RCS0, }, { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = "IEC958 Non-PCM Bitstream", .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, .info = snd_ak4114_in_bit_info, .get = snd_ak4114_in_bit_get, .private_value = (6<<8) | AK4114_REG_RCS0, }, { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = "IEC958 DTS Bitstream", .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, .info = snd_ak4114_in_bit_info, .get = snd_ak4114_in_bit_get, .private_value = (3<<8) | AK4114_REG_RCS0, }, { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = "IEC958 PPL Lock Status", .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, .info = snd_ak4114_in_bit_info, .get = snd_ak4114_in_bit_get, .private_value = (1<<31) | (4<<8) | AK4114_REG_RCS0, } }; static void snd_ak4114_proc_regs_read(struct snd_info_entry *entry, struct snd_info_buffer *buffer) { struct ak4114 *ak4114 = entry->private_data; int reg, val; /* all ak4114 registers 0x00 - 0x1f */ for (reg = 0; reg < 0x20; reg++) { val = reg_read(ak4114, reg); snd_iprintf(buffer, "0x%02x = 0x%02x\n", reg, val); } } static void snd_ak4114_proc_init(struct ak4114 *ak4114) { struct snd_info_entry *entry; if (!snd_card_proc_new(ak4114->card, "ak4114", &entry)) snd_info_set_text_ops(entry, ak4114, snd_ak4114_proc_regs_read); } int snd_ak4114_build(struct ak4114 *ak4114, struct snd_pcm_substream *ply_substream, struct snd_pcm_substream *cap_substream) { struct snd_kcontrol *kctl; unsigned int idx; int err; if (snd_BUG_ON(!cap_substream)) return -EINVAL; ak4114->playback_substream = ply_substream; ak4114->capture_substream = cap_substream; for (idx = 0; idx < AK4114_CONTROLS; idx++) { kctl = snd_ctl_new1(&snd_ak4114_iec958_controls[idx], ak4114); if (kctl == NULL) return -ENOMEM; if (strstr(kctl->id.name, "Playback")) { if (ply_substream == NULL) { snd_ctl_free_one(kctl); ak4114->kctls[idx] = NULL; continue; } kctl->id.device = ply_substream->pcm->device; kctl->id.subdevice = ply_substream->number; } else { kctl->id.device = cap_substream->pcm->device; kctl->id.subdevice = cap_substream->number; } err = snd_ctl_add(ak4114->card, kctl); if (err < 0) return err; ak4114->kctls[idx] = kctl; } snd_ak4114_proc_init(ak4114); /* trigger workq */ schedule_delayed_work(&ak4114->work, HZ / 10); return 0; } /* notify kcontrols if any parameters are changed */ static void ak4114_notify(struct ak4114 *ak4114, unsigned char rcs0, unsigned char rcs1, unsigned char c0, unsigned char c1) { if (!ak4114->kctls[0]) return; if (rcs0 & AK4114_PAR) snd_ctl_notify(ak4114->card, SNDRV_CTL_EVENT_MASK_VALUE, &ak4114->kctls[0]->id); if (rcs0 & AK4114_V) snd_ctl_notify(ak4114->card, SNDRV_CTL_EVENT_MASK_VALUE, &ak4114->kctls[1]->id); if (rcs1 & AK4114_CCRC) snd_ctl_notify(ak4114->card, SNDRV_CTL_EVENT_MASK_VALUE, &ak4114->kctls[2]->id); if (rcs1 & AK4114_QCRC) snd_ctl_notify(ak4114->card, SNDRV_CTL_EVENT_MASK_VALUE, &ak4114->kctls[3]->id); /* rate change */ if (c1 & 0xf0) snd_ctl_notify(ak4114->card, SNDRV_CTL_EVENT_MASK_VALUE, &ak4114->kctls[4]->id); if ((c0 & AK4114_PEM) | (c0 & AK4114_CINT)) snd_ctl_notify(ak4114->card, SNDRV_CTL_EVENT_MASK_VALUE, &ak4114->kctls[9]->id); if (c0 & AK4114_QINT) snd_ctl_notify(ak4114->card, SNDRV_CTL_EVENT_MASK_VALUE, &ak4114->kctls[10]->id); if (c0 & AK4114_AUDION) snd_ctl_notify(ak4114->card, SNDRV_CTL_EVENT_MASK_VALUE, &ak4114->kctls[11]->id); if (c0 & AK4114_AUTO) snd_ctl_notify(ak4114->card, SNDRV_CTL_EVENT_MASK_VALUE, &ak4114->kctls[12]->id); if (c0 & AK4114_DTSCD) snd_ctl_notify(ak4114->card, SNDRV_CTL_EVENT_MASK_VALUE, &ak4114->kctls[13]->id); if (c0 & AK4114_UNLCK) snd_ctl_notify(ak4114->card, SNDRV_CTL_EVENT_MASK_VALUE, &ak4114->kctls[14]->id); } int snd_ak4114_external_rate(struct ak4114 *ak4114) { unsigned char rcs1; rcs1 = reg_read(ak4114, AK4114_REG_RCS1); return external_rate(rcs1); } int snd_ak4114_check_rate_and_errors(struct ak4114 *ak4114, unsigned int flags) { struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = ak4114->capture_substream ? ak4114->capture_substream->runtime : NULL; unsigned long _flags; int res = 0; unsigned char rcs0, rcs1; unsigned char c0, c1; rcs1 = reg_read(ak4114, AK4114_REG_RCS1); if (flags & AK4114_CHECK_NO_STAT) goto __rate; rcs0 = reg_read(ak4114, AK4114_REG_RCS0); spin_lock_irqsave(&ak4114->lock, _flags); if (rcs0 & AK4114_PAR) ak4114->parity_errors++; if (rcs1 & AK4114_V) ak4114->v_bit_errors++; if (rcs1 & AK4114_CCRC) ak4114->ccrc_errors++; if (rcs1 & AK4114_QCRC) ak4114->qcrc_errors++; c0 = (ak4114->rcs0 & (AK4114_QINT | AK4114_CINT | AK4114_PEM | AK4114_AUDION | AK4114_AUTO | AK4114_UNLCK)) ^ (rcs0 & (AK4114_QINT | AK4114_CINT | AK4114_PEM | AK4114_AUDION | AK4114_AUTO | AK4114_UNLCK)); c1 = (ak4114->rcs1 & 0xf0) ^ (rcs1 & 0xf0); ak4114->rcs0 = rcs0 & ~(AK4114_QINT | AK4114_CINT); ak4114->rcs1 = rcs1; spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ak4114->lock, _flags); ak4114_notify(ak4114, rcs0, rcs1, c0, c1); if (ak4114->change_callback && (c0 | c1) != 0) ak4114->change_callback(ak4114, c0, c1); __rate: /* compare rate */ res = external_rate(rcs1); if (!(flags & AK4114_CHECK_NO_RATE) && runtime && runtime->rate != res) { snd_pcm_stream_lock_irqsave(ak4114->capture_substream, _flags); if (snd_pcm_running(ak4114->capture_substream)) { // printk(KERN_DEBUG "rate changed (%i <- %i)\n", runtime->rate, res); snd_pcm_stop(ak4114->capture_substream, SNDRV_PCM_STATE_DRAINING); res = 1; } snd_pcm_stream_unlock_irqrestore(ak4114->capture_substream, _flags); } return res; } static void ak4114_stats(struct work_struct *work) { struct ak4114 *chip = container_of(work, struct ak4114, work.work); if (!chip->init) snd_ak4114_check_rate_and_errors(chip, chip->check_flags); schedule_delayed_work(&chip->work, HZ / 10); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(snd_ak4114_create); EXPORT_SYMBOL(snd_ak4114_reg_write); EXPORT_SYMBOL(snd_ak4114_reinit); EXPORT_SYMBOL(snd_ak4114_build); EXPORT_SYMBOL(snd_ak4114_external_rate); EXPORT_SYMBOL(snd_ak4114_check_rate_and_errors);