documentation: update Documentation/filesystem/proc.txt and Documentation/sysctls

Now /proc/sys is described in many places and much information is
redundant.  This patch updates the proc.txt and move the /proc/sys
desciption out to the files in Documentation/sysctls.

Details are:

merge
-  2.1  /proc/sys/fs - File system data
-  2.11 /proc/sys/fs/mqueue - POSIX message queues filesystem
-  2.17 /proc/sys/fs/epoll - Configuration options for the epoll interface
with Documentation/sysctls/fs.txt.

remove
-  2.2  /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc - Miscellaneous binary formats
since it's not better then the Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt.

merge
-  2.3  /proc/sys/kernel - general kernel parameters
with Documentation/sysctls/kernel.txt

remove
-  2.5  /proc/sys/dev - Device specific parameters
since it's obsolete the sysfs is used now.

remove
-  2.6  /proc/sys/sunrpc - Remote procedure calls
since it's not better then the Documentation/sysctls/sunrpc.txt

move
-  2.7  /proc/sys/net - Networking stuff
-  2.9  Appletalk
-  2.10 IPX
to newly created Documentation/sysctls/net.txt.

remove
-  2.8  /proc/sys/net/ipv4 - IPV4 settings
since it's not better then the Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt.

add
- Chapter 3 Per-Process Parameters
to descibe /proc/<pid>/xxx parameters.

Signed-off-by: Shen Feng <shen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

5 files changed, 329 insertions, 1071 deletions

diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
index efc4fd9f40c..ce84cfc9eae 100644
--- a/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
                   Bodo Bauer <bb@ricochet.net>
 
 2.4.x update	  Jorge Nerin <comandante@zaralinux.com>      November 14 2000
+move /proc/sys	  Shen Feng <shen@cn.fujitsu.com>		    April 1 2009
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Version 1.3                                              Kernel version 2.2.12
 					      Kernel version 2.4.0-test11-pre4
@@ -26,25 +27,17 @@ Table of Contents
   1.6	Parallel port info in /proc/parport
   1.7	TTY info in /proc/tty
   1.8	Miscellaneous kernel statistics in /proc/stat
+  1.9 Ext4 file system parameters
 
   2	Modifying System Parameters
-  2.1	/proc/sys/fs - File system data
-  2.2	/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc - Miscellaneous binary formats
-  2.3	/proc/sys/kernel - general kernel parameters
-  2.4	/proc/sys/vm - The virtual memory subsystem
-  2.5	/proc/sys/dev - Device specific parameters
-  2.6	/proc/sys/sunrpc - Remote procedure calls
-  2.7	/proc/sys/net - Networking stuff
-  2.8	/proc/sys/net/ipv4 - IPV4 settings
-  2.9	Appletalk
-  2.10	IPX
-  2.11	/proc/sys/fs/mqueue - POSIX message queues filesystem
-  2.12	/proc/<pid>/oom_adj - Adjust the oom-killer score
-  2.13	/proc/<pid>/oom_score - Display current oom-killer score
-  2.14	/proc/<pid>/io - Display the IO accounting fields
-  2.15	/proc/<pid>/coredump_filter - Core dump filtering settings
-  2.16	/proc/<pid>/mountinfo - Information about mounts
-  2.17	/proc/sys/fs/epoll - Configuration options for the epoll interface
+
+  3	Per-Process Parameters
+  3.1	/proc/<pid>/oom_adj - Adjust the oom-killer score
+  3.2	/proc/<pid>/oom_score - Display current oom-killer score
+  3.3	/proc/<pid>/io - Display the IO accounting fields
+  3.4	/proc/<pid>/coredump_filter - Core dump filtering settings
+  3.5	/proc/<pid>/mountinfo - Information about mounts
+
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Preface
@@ -990,1021 +983,24 @@ review the kernel documentation in the directory /usr/src/linux/Documentation.
 This chapter  is  heavily  based  on the documentation included in the pre 2.2
 kernels, and became part of it in version 2.2.1 of the Linux kernel.
 
-2.1 /proc/sys/fs - File system data
------------------------------------
-
-This subdirectory  contains  specific  file system, file handle, inode, dentry
-and quota information.
-
-Currently, these files are in /proc/sys/fs:
-
-dentry-state
-------------
-
-Status of  the  directory  cache.  Since  directory  entries  are  dynamically
-allocated and  deallocated,  this  file indicates the current status. It holds
-six values, in which the last two are not used and are always zero. The others
-are listed in table 2-1.
-
-
-Table 2-1: Status files of the directory cache 
-..............................................................................
- File       Content                                                            
- nr_dentry  Almost always zero                                                 
- nr_unused  Number of unused cache entries                                     
- age_limit  
-            in seconds after the entry may be reclaimed, when memory is short 
- want_pages internally                                                         
-..............................................................................
-
-dquot-nr and dquot-max
-----------------------
-
-The file dquot-max shows the maximum number of cached disk quota entries.
-
-The file  dquot-nr  shows  the  number of allocated disk quota entries and the
-number of free disk quota entries.
-
-If the number of available cached disk quotas is very low and you have a large
-number of simultaneous system users, you might want to raise the limit.
-
-file-nr and file-max
---------------------
-
-The kernel  allocates file handles dynamically, but doesn't free them again at
-this time.
-
-The value  in  file-max  denotes  the  maximum number of file handles that the
-Linux kernel will allocate. When you get a lot of error messages about running
-out of  file handles, you might want to raise this limit. The default value is
-10% of  RAM in kilobytes.  To  change it, just  write the new number  into the
-file:
-
-  # cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max 
-  4096 
-  # echo 8192 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max 
-  # cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max 
-  8192 
-
-
-This method  of  revision  is  useful  for  all customizable parameters of the
-kernel - simply echo the new value to the corresponding file.
-
-Historically, the three values in file-nr denoted the number of allocated file
-handles,  the number of  allocated but  unused file  handles, and  the maximum
-number of file handles. Linux 2.6 always  reports 0 as the number of free file
-handles -- this  is not an error,  it just means that the  number of allocated
-file handles exactly matches the number of used file handles.
-
-Attempts to  allocate more  file descriptors than  file-max are  reported with
-printk, look for "VFS: file-max limit <number> reached".
-
-inode-state and inode-nr
-------------------------
-
-The file inode-nr contains the first two items from inode-state, so we'll skip
-to that file...
-
-inode-state contains  two  actual numbers and five dummy values. The numbers
-are nr_inodes and nr_free_inodes (in order of appearance).
-
-nr_inodes
-~~~~~~~~~
-
-Denotes the  number  of  inodes the system has allocated. This number will
-grow and shrink dynamically.
-
-nr_open
--------
-
-Denotes the maximum number of file-handles a process can
-allocate. Default value is 1024*1024 (1048576) which should be
-enough for most machines. Actual limit depends on RLIMIT_NOFILE
-resource limit.
-
-nr_free_inodes
---------------
-
-Represents the  number of free inodes. Ie. The number of inuse inodes is
-(nr_inodes - nr_free_inodes).
-
-aio-nr and aio-max-nr
----------------------
-
-aio-nr is the running total of the number of events specified on the
-io_setup system call for all currently active aio contexts.  If aio-nr
-reaches aio-max-nr then io_setup will fail with EAGAIN.  Note that
-raising aio-max-nr does not result in the pre-allocation or re-sizing
-of any kernel data structures.
-
-2.2 /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc - Miscellaneous binary formats
------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Besides these  files, there is the subdirectory /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc. This
-handles the kernel support for miscellaneous binary formats.
-
-Binfmt_misc provides  the ability to register additional binary formats to the
-Kernel without  compiling  an additional module/kernel. Therefore, binfmt_misc
-needs to  know magic numbers at the beginning or the filename extension of the
-binary.
-
-It works by maintaining a linked list of structs that contain a description of
-a binary  format,  including  a  magic  with size (or the filename extension),
-offset and  mask,  and  the  interpreter name. On request it invokes the given
-interpreter with  the  original  program  as  argument,  as  binfmt_java  and
-binfmt_em86 and  binfmt_mz  do.  Since binfmt_misc does not define any default
-binary-formats, you have to register an additional binary-format.
-
-There are two general files in binfmt_misc and one file per registered format.
-The two general files are register and status.
-
-Registering a new binary format
--------------------------------
-
-To register a new binary format you have to issue the command
-
-  echo :name:type:offset:magic:mask:interpreter: > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register 
-
-
-
-with appropriate  name (the name for the /proc-dir entry), offset (defaults to
-0, if  omitted),  magic, mask (which can be omitted, defaults to all 0xff) and
-last but  not  least,  the  interpreter that is to be invoked (for example and
-testing /bin/echo).  Type  can be M for usual magic matching or E for filename
-extension matching (give extension in place of magic).
-
-Check or reset the status of the binary format handler
-------------------------------------------------------
-
-If you  do a cat on the file /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/status, you will get the
-current status (enabled/disabled) of binfmt_misc. Change the status by echoing
-0 (disables)  or  1  (enables)  or  -1  (caution:  this  clears all previously
-registered binary  formats)  to status. For example echo 0 > status to disable
-binfmt_misc (temporarily).
-
-Status of a single handler
---------------------------
-
-Each registered  handler has an entry in /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc. These files
-perform the  same function as status, but their scope is limited to the actual
-binary format.  By  cating this file, you also receive all related information
-about the interpreter/magic of the binfmt.
-
-Example usage of binfmt_misc (emulate binfmt_java)
---------------------------------------------------
-
-  cd /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc  
-  echo ':Java:M::\xca\xfe\xba\xbe::/usr/local/java/bin/javawrapper:' > register  
-  echo ':HTML:E::html::/usr/local/java/bin/appletviewer:' > register  
-  echo ':Applet:M::<!--applet::/usr/local/java/bin/appletviewer:' > register 
-  echo ':DEXE:M::\x0eDEX::/usr/bin/dosexec:' > register 
-
-
-These four  lines  add  support  for  Java  executables and Java applets (like
-binfmt_java, additionally  recognizing the .html extension with no need to put
-<!--applet> to  every  applet  file).  You  have  to  install  the JDK and the
-shell-script /usr/local/java/bin/javawrapper  too.  It  works  around  the
-brokenness of  the Java filename handling. To add a Java binary, just create a
-link to the class-file somewhere in the path.
-
-2.3 /proc/sys/kernel - general kernel parameters
-------------------------------------------------
-
-This directory  reflects  general  kernel  behaviors. As I've said before, the
-contents depend  on  your  configuration.  Here you'll find the most important
-files, along with descriptions of what they mean and how to use them.
-
-acct
-----
-
-The file contains three values; highwater, lowwater, and frequency.
-
-It exists  only  when  BSD-style  process  accounting is enabled. These values
-control its behavior. If the free space on the file system where the log lives
-goes below  lowwater  percentage,  accounting  suspends.  If  it  goes  above
-highwater percentage,  accounting  resumes. Frequency determines how often you
-check the amount of free space (value is in seconds). Default settings are: 4,
-2, and  30.  That is, suspend accounting if there is less than 2 percent free;
-resume it  if we have a value of 3 or more percent; consider information about
-the amount of free space valid for 30 seconds
-
-ctrl-alt-del
-------------
-
-When the value in this file is 0, ctrl-alt-del is trapped and sent to the init
-program to  handle a graceful restart. However, when the value is greater that
-zero, Linux's  reaction  to  this key combination will be an immediate reboot,
-without syncing its dirty buffers.
-
-[NOTE]
-    When a  program  (like  dosemu)  has  the  keyboard  in  raw  mode,  the
-    ctrl-alt-del is  intercepted  by  the  program  before it ever reaches the
-    kernel tty  layer,  and  it is up to the program to decide what to do with
-    it.
-
-domainname and hostname
------------------------
-
-These files  can  be controlled to set the NIS domainname and hostname of your
-box. For the classic darkstar.frop.org a simple:
-
-  # echo "darkstar" > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname 
-  # echo "frop.org" > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname 
-
-
-would suffice to set your hostname and NIS domainname.
-
-osrelease, ostype and version
------------------------------
-
-The names make it pretty obvious what these fields contain:
-
-  > cat /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease 
-  2.2.12 
-   
-  > cat /proc/sys/kernel/ostype 
-  Linux 
-   
-  > cat /proc/sys/kernel/version 
-  #4 Fri Oct 1 12:41:14 PDT 1999 
-
-
-The files  osrelease and ostype should be clear enough. Version needs a little
-more clarification.  The  #4 means that this is the 4th kernel built from this
-source base and the date after it indicates the time the kernel was built. The
-only way to tune these values is to rebuild the kernel.
-
-panic
------
-
-The value  in  this  file  represents  the  number of seconds the kernel waits
-before rebooting  on  a  panic.  When  you  use  the  software  watchdog,  the
-recommended setting  is  60. If set to 0, the auto reboot after a kernel panic
-is disabled, which is the default setting.
-
-printk
-------
-
-The four values in printk denote
-* console_loglevel,
-* default_message_loglevel,
-* minimum_console_loglevel and
-* default_console_loglevel
-respectively.
-
-These values  influence  printk()  behavior  when  printing  or  logging error
-messages, which  come  from  inside  the  kernel.  See  syslog(2)  for  more
-information on the different log levels.
-
-console_loglevel
-----------------
-
-Messages with a higher priority than this will be printed to the console.
-
-default_message_level
----------------------
-
-Messages without an explicit priority will be printed with this priority.
-
-minimum_console_loglevel
-------------------------
-
-Minimum (highest) value to which the console_loglevel can be set.
-
-default_console_loglevel
-------------------------
-
-Default value for console_loglevel.
-
-sg-big-buff
------------
-
-This file  shows  the size of the generic SCSI (sg) buffer. At this point, you
-can't tune  it  yet,  but  you  can  change  it  at  compile  time  by editing
-include/scsi/sg.h and changing the value of SG_BIG_BUFF.
-
-If you use a scanner with SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy) you might want to set
-this to a higher value. Refer to the SANE documentation on this issue.
-
-modprobe
---------
-
-The location  where  the  modprobe  binary  is  located.  The kernel uses this
-program to load modules on demand.
-
-unknown_nmi_panic
------------------
-
-The value in this file affects behavior of handling NMI. When the value is
-non-zero, unknown NMI is trapped and then panic occurs. At that time, kernel
-debugging information is displayed on console.
-
-NMI switch that most IA32 servers have fires unknown NMI up, for example.
-If a system hangs up, try pressing the NMI switch.
-
-panic_on_unrecovered_nmi
-------------------------
-
-The default Linux behaviour on an NMI of either memory or unknown is to continue
-operation. For many environments such as scientific computing it is preferable
-that the box is taken out and the error dealt with than an uncorrected
-parity/ECC error get propogated.
-
-A small number of systems do generate NMI's for bizarre random reasons such as
-power management so the default is off. That sysctl works like the existing
-panic controls already in that directory.
-
-nmi_watchdog
-------------
-
-Enables/Disables the NMI watchdog on x86 systems.  When the value is non-zero
-the NMI watchdog is enabled and will continuously test all online cpus to
-determine whether or not they are still functioning properly. Currently,
-passing "nmi_watchdog=" parameter at boot time is required for this function
-to work.
-
-If LAPIC NMI watchdog method is in use (nmi_watchdog=2 kernel parameter), the
-NMI watchdog shares registers with oprofile. By disabling the NMI watchdog,
-oprofile may have more registers to utilize.
-
-msgmni
-------
-
-Maximum number of message queue ids on the system.
-This value scales to the amount of lowmem. It is automatically recomputed
-upon memory add/remove or ipc namespace creation/removal.
-When a value is written into this file, msgmni's value becomes fixed, i.e. it
-is not recomputed anymore when one of the above events occurs.
-Use auto_msgmni to change this behavior.
-
-auto_msgmni
------------
-
-Enables/Disables automatic recomputing of msgmni upon memory add/remove or
-upon ipc namespace creation/removal (see the msgmni description above).
-Echoing "1" into this file enables msgmni automatic recomputing.
-Echoing "0" turns it off.
-auto_msgmni default value is 1.
-
-
-2.4 /proc/sys/vm - The virtual memory subsystem
------------------------------------------------
-
-Please see: Documentation/sysctls/vm.txt for a description of these
+Please see: Documentation/sysctls/ directory for descriptions of these
 entries.
 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Summary
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Certain aspects  of  kernel  behavior  can be modified at runtime, without the
+need to  recompile  the kernel, or even to reboot the system. The files in the
+/proc/sys tree  can  not only be read, but also modified. You can use the echo
+command to write value into these files, thereby changing the default settings
+of the kernel.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-2.5 /proc/sys/dev - Device specific parameters
-----------------------------------------------
-
-Currently there is only support for CDROM drives, and for those, there is only
-one read-only  file containing information about the CD-ROM drives attached to
-the system:
-
-  >cat /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info 
-  CD-ROM information, Id: cdrom.c 2.55 1999/04/25 
-   
-  drive name:             sr0     hdb 
-  drive speed:            32      40 
-  drive # of slots:       1       0 
-  Can close tray:         1       1 
-  Can open tray:          1       1 
-  Can lock tray:          1       1 
-  Can change speed:       1       1 
-  Can select disk:        0       1 
-  Can read multisession:  1       1 
-  Can read MCN:           1       1 
-  Reports media changed:  1       1 
-  Can play audio:         1       1 
-
-
-You see two drives, sr0 and hdb, along with a list of their features.
-
-2.6 /proc/sys/sunrpc - Remote procedure calls
----------------------------------------------
-
-This directory  contains four files, which enable or disable debugging for the
-RPC functions NFS, NFS-daemon, RPC and NLM. The default values are 0. They can
-be set to one to turn debugging on. (The default value is 0 for each)
-
-2.7 /proc/sys/net - Networking stuff
-------------------------------------
-
-The interface  to  the  networking  parts  of  the  kernel  is  located  in
-/proc/sys/net. Table  2-3  shows all possible subdirectories. You may see only
-some of them, depending on your kernel's configuration.
-
-
-Table 2-3: Subdirectories in /proc/sys/net 
-..............................................................................
- Directory Content             Directory  Content            
- core      General parameter   appletalk  Appletalk protocol 
- unix      Unix domain sockets netrom     NET/ROM            
- 802       E802 protocol       ax25       AX25               
- ethernet  Ethernet protocol   rose       X.25 PLP layer     
- ipv4      IP version 4        x25        X.25 protocol      
- ipx       IPX                 token-ring IBM token ring     
- bridge    Bridging            decnet     DEC net            
- ipv6      IP version 6                   
-..............................................................................
-
-We will  concentrate  on IP networking here. Since AX15, X.25, and DEC Net are
-only minor players in the Linux world, we'll skip them in this chapter. You'll
-find some  short  info on Appletalk and IPX further on in this chapter. Review
-the online  documentation  and the kernel source to get a detailed view of the
-parameters for  those  protocols.  In  this  section  we'll  discuss  the
-subdirectories printed  in  bold letters in the table above. As default values
-are suitable for most needs, there is no need to change these values.
-
-/proc/sys/net/core - Network core options
------------------------------------------
-
-rmem_default
-------------
-
-The default setting of the socket receive buffer in bytes.
-
-rmem_max
---------
-
-The maximum receive socket buffer size in bytes.
-
-wmem_default
-------------
-
-The default setting (in bytes) of the socket send buffer.
-
-wmem_max
---------
-
-The maximum send socket buffer size in bytes.
-
-message_burst and message_cost
-------------------------------
-
-These parameters  are used to limit the warning messages written to the kernel
-log from  the  networking  code.  They  enforce  a  rate  limit  to  make  a
-denial-of-service attack  impossible. A higher message_cost factor, results in
-fewer messages that will be written. Message_burst controls when messages will
-be dropped.  The  default  settings  limit  warning messages to one every five
-seconds.
-
-warnings
---------
-
-This controls console messages from the networking stack that can occur because
-of problems on the network like duplicate address or bad checksums. Normally,
-this should be enabled, but if the problem persists the messages can be
-disabled.
-
-netdev_budget
--------------
-
-Maximum number of packets taken from all interfaces in one polling cycle (NAPI
-poll). In one polling cycle interfaces which are registered to polling are
-probed in a round-robin manner. The limit of packets in one such probe can be
-set per-device via sysfs class/net/<device>/weight .
-
-netdev_max_backlog
-------------------
-
-Maximum number  of  packets,  queued  on  the  INPUT  side, when the interface
-receives packets faster than kernel can process them.
-
-optmem_max
-----------
-
-Maximum ancillary buffer size allowed per socket. Ancillary data is a sequence
-of struct cmsghdr structures with appended data.
-
-/proc/sys/net/unix - Parameters for Unix domain sockets
--------------------------------------------------------
-
-There are  only  two  files  in this subdirectory. They control the delays for
-deleting and destroying socket descriptors.
-
-2.8 /proc/sys/net/ipv4 - IPV4 settings
---------------------------------------
-
-IP version  4  is  still the most used protocol in Unix networking. It will be
-replaced by  IP version 6 in the next couple of years, but for the moment it's
-the de  facto  standard  for  the  internet  and  is  used  in most networking
-environments around  the  world.  Because  of the importance of this protocol,
-we'll have a deeper look into the subtree controlling the behavior of the IPv4
-subsystem of the Linux kernel.
-
-Let's start with the entries in /proc/sys/net/ipv4.
-
-ICMP settings
--------------
-
-icmp_echo_ignore_all and icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts
-----------------------------------------------------
-
-Turn on (1) or off (0), if the kernel should ignore all ICMP ECHO requests, or
-just those to broadcast and multicast addresses.
-
-Please note that if you accept ICMP echo requests with a broadcast/multi\-cast
-destination address  your  network  may  be  used as an exploder for denial of
-service packet flooding attacks to other hosts.
-
-icmp_destunreach_rate, icmp_echoreply_rate, icmp_paramprob_rate and icmp_timeexeed_rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Sets limits  for  sending  ICMP  packets  to specific targets. A value of zero
-disables all  limiting.  Any  positive  value sets the maximum package rate in
-hundredth of a second (on Intel systems).
-
-IP settings
------------
-
-ip_autoconfig
--------------
-
-This file contains the number one if the host received its IP configuration by
-RARP, BOOTP, DHCP or a similar mechanism. Otherwise it is zero.
-
-ip_default_ttl
---------------
-
-TTL (Time  To  Live) for IPv4 interfaces. This is simply the maximum number of
-hops a packet may travel.
-
-ip_dynaddr
-----------
-
-Enable dynamic  socket  address rewriting on interface address change. This is
-useful for dialup interface with changing IP addresses.
-
-ip_forward
-----------
-
-Enable or  disable forwarding of IP packages between interfaces. Changing this
-value resets  all other parameters to their default values. They differ if the
-kernel is configured as host or router.
-
-ip_local_port_range
--------------------
-
-Range of  ports  used  by  TCP  and UDP to choose the local port. Contains two
-numbers, the  first  number  is the lowest port, the second number the highest
-local port.  Default  is  1024-4999.  Should  be  changed  to  32768-61000 for
-high-usage systems.
-
-ip_no_pmtu_disc
----------------
-
-Global switch  to  turn  path  MTU  discovery off. It can also be set on a per
-socket basis by the applications or on a per route basis.
-
-ip_masq_debug
--------------
-
-Enable/disable debugging of IP masquerading.
-
-IP fragmentation settings
--------------------------
-
-ipfrag_high_trash and ipfrag_low_trash
---------------------------------------
-
-Maximum memory  used to reassemble IP fragments. When ipfrag_high_thresh bytes
-of memory  is  allocated  for  this  purpose,  the  fragment handler will toss
-packets until ipfrag_low_thresh is reached.
-
-ipfrag_time
------------
-
-Time in seconds to keep an IP fragment in memory.
-
-TCP settings
-------------
-
-tcp_ecn
--------
-
-This file controls the use of the ECN bit in the IPv4 headers. This is a new
-feature about Explicit Congestion Notification, but some routers and firewalls
-block traffic that has this bit set, so it could be necessary to echo 0 to
-/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_ecn if you want to talk to these sites. For more info
-you could read RFC2481.
-
-tcp_retrans_collapse
---------------------
-
-Bug-to-bug compatibility with some broken printers. On retransmit, try to send
-larger packets to work around bugs in certain TCP stacks. Can be turned off by
-setting it to zero.
-
-tcp_keepalive_probes
---------------------
-
-Number of  keep  alive  probes  TCP  sends  out,  until  it  decides  that the
-connection is broken.
-
-tcp_keepalive_time
-------------------
-
-How often  TCP  sends out keep alive messages, when keep alive is enabled. The
-default is 2 hours.
-
-tcp_syn_retries
----------------
-
-Number of  times  initial  SYNs  for  a  TCP  connection  attempt  will  be
-retransmitted. Should  not  be  higher  than 255. This is only the timeout for
-outgoing connections,  for  incoming  connections the number of retransmits is
-defined by tcp_retries1.
-
-tcp_sack
---------
-
-Enable select acknowledgments after RFC2018.
-
-tcp_timestamps
---------------
-
-Enable timestamps as defined in RFC1323.
-
-tcp_stdurg
-----------
-
-Enable the  strict  RFC793 interpretation of the TCP urgent pointer field. The
-default is  to  use  the  BSD  compatible interpretation of the urgent pointer
-pointing to the first byte after the urgent data. The RFC793 interpretation is
-to have  it  point  to  the last byte of urgent data. Enabling this option may
-lead to interoperability problems. Disabled by default.
-
-tcp_syncookies
---------------
-
-Only valid  when  the  kernel  was  compiled  with CONFIG_SYNCOOKIES. Send out
-syncookies when  the  syn backlog queue of a socket overflows. This is to ward
-off the common 'syn flood attack'. Disabled by default.
-
-Note that  the  concept  of a socket backlog is abandoned. This means the peer
-may not  receive  reliable  error  messages  from  an  over loaded server with
-syncookies enabled.
-
-tcp_window_scaling
-------------------
-
-Enable window scaling as defined in RFC1323.
-
-tcp_fin_timeout
----------------
-
-The length  of  time  in  seconds  it  takes to receive a final FIN before the
-socket is  always  closed.  This  is  strictly  a  violation  of  the  TCP
-specification, but required to prevent denial-of-service attacks.
-
-tcp_max_ka_probes
------------------
-
-Indicates how  many  keep alive probes are sent per slow timer run. Should not
-be set too high to prevent bursts.
-
-tcp_max_syn_backlog
--------------------
-
-Length of  the per socket backlog queue. Since Linux 2.2 the backlog specified
-in listen(2)  only  specifies  the  length  of  the  backlog  queue of already
-established sockets. When more connection requests arrive Linux starts to drop
-packets. When  syncookies  are  enabled the packets are still answered and the
-maximum queue is effectively ignored.
-
-tcp_retries1
-------------
-
-Defines how  often  an  answer  to  a  TCP connection request is retransmitted
-before giving up.
-
-tcp_retries2
-------------
-
-Defines how often a TCP packet is retransmitted before giving up.
-
-Interface specific settings
----------------------------
-
-In the directory /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf you'll find one subdirectory for each
-interface the  system  knows about and one directory calls all. Changes in the
-all subdirectory  affect  all  interfaces,  whereas  changes  in  the  other
-subdirectories affect  only  one  interface.  All  directories  have  the same
-entries:
-
-accept_redirects
-----------------
-
-This switch  decides  if the kernel accepts ICMP redirect messages or not. The
-default is 'yes' if the kernel is configured for a regular host and 'no' for a
-router configuration.
-
-accept_source_route
--------------------
-
-Should source  routed  packages  be  accepted  or  declined.  The  default  is
-dependent on  the  kernel  configuration.  It's 'yes' for routers and 'no' for
-hosts.
-
-bootp_relay
-~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Accept packets  with source address 0.b.c.d with destinations not to this host
-as local ones. It is supposed that a BOOTP relay daemon will catch and forward
-such packets.
-
-The default  is  0,  since this feature is not implemented yet (kernel version
-2.2.12).
-
-forwarding
-----------
-
-Enable or disable IP forwarding on this interface.
-
-log_martians
-------------
-
-Log packets with source addresses with no known route to kernel log.
-
-mc_forwarding
--------------
-
-Do multicast routing. The kernel needs to be compiled with CONFIG_MROUTE and a
-multicast routing daemon is required.
-
-proxy_arp
----------
-
-Does (1) or does not (0) perform proxy ARP.
-
-rp_filter
----------
-
-Integer value determines if a source validation should be made. 1 means yes, 0
-means no.  Disabled by default, but local/broadcast address spoofing is always
-on.
-
-If you  set this to 1 on a router that is the only connection for a network to
-the net,  it  will  prevent  spoofing  attacks  against your internal networks
-(external addresses  can  still  be  spoofed), without the need for additional
-firewall rules.
-
-secure_redirects
-----------------
-
-Accept ICMP  redirect  messages  only  for gateways, listed in default gateway
-list. Enabled by default.
-
-shared_media
-------------
-
-If it  is  not  set  the kernel does not assume that different subnets on this
-device can communicate directly. Default setting is 'yes'.
-
-send_redirects
---------------
-
-Determines whether to send ICMP redirects to other hosts.
-
-Routing settings
-----------------
-
-The directory  /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route  contains  several  file  to  control
-routing issues.
-
-error_burst and error_cost
---------------------------
-
-These  parameters  are used to limit how many ICMP destination unreachable to 
-send  from  the  host  in question. ICMP destination unreachable messages are 
-sent  when  we  cannot reach  the next hop while trying to transmit a packet. 
-It  will also print some error messages to kernel logs if someone is ignoring 
-our   ICMP  redirects.  The  higher  the  error_cost  factor  is,  the  fewer 
-destination  unreachable  and error messages will be let through. Error_burst 
-controls  when  destination  unreachable  messages and error messages will be
-dropped. The default settings limit warning messages to five every second.
-
-flush
------
-
-Writing to this file results in a flush of the routing cache.
-
-gc_elasticity, gc_interval, gc_min_interval_ms, gc_timeout, gc_thresh
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Values to  control  the  frequency  and  behavior  of  the  garbage collection
-algorithm for the routing cache. gc_min_interval is deprecated and replaced
-by gc_min_interval_ms.
-
-
-max_size
---------
-
-Maximum size  of  the routing cache. Old entries will be purged once the cache
-reached has this size.
-
-redirect_load, redirect_number
-------------------------------
-
-Factors which  determine  if  more ICPM redirects should be sent to a specific
-host. No  redirects  will be sent once the load limit or the maximum number of
-redirects has been reached.
-
-redirect_silence
-----------------
-
-Timeout for redirects. After this period redirects will be sent again, even if
-this has been stopped, because the load or number limit has been reached.
-
-Network Neighbor handling
--------------------------
-
-Settings about how to handle connections with direct neighbors (nodes attached
-to the same link) can be found in the directory /proc/sys/net/ipv4/neigh.
-
-As we  saw  it  in  the  conf directory, there is a default subdirectory which
-holds the  default  values, and one directory for each interface. The contents
-of the  directories  are identical, with the single exception that the default
-settings contain additional options to set garbage collection parameters.
-
-In the interface directories you'll find the following entries:
-
-base_reachable_time, base_reachable_time_ms
--------------------------------------------
-
-A base  value  used for computing the random reachable time value as specified
-in RFC2461.
-
-Expression of base_reachable_time, which is deprecated, is in seconds.
-Expression of base_reachable_time_ms is in milliseconds.
-
-retrans_time, retrans_time_ms
------------------------------
-
-The time between retransmitted Neighbor Solicitation messages.
-Used for address resolution and to determine if a neighbor is
-unreachable.
-
-Expression of retrans_time, which is deprecated, is in 1/100 seconds (for
-IPv4) or in jiffies (for IPv6).
-Expression of retrans_time_ms is in milliseconds.
-
-unres_qlen
-----------
-
-Maximum queue  length  for a pending arp request - the number of packets which
-are accepted from other layers while the ARP address is still resolved.
-
-anycast_delay
--------------
-
-Maximum for  random  delay  of  answers  to  neighbor solicitation messages in
-jiffies (1/100  sec). Not yet implemented (Linux does not have anycast support
-yet).
-
-ucast_solicit
--------------
-
-Maximum number of retries for unicast solicitation.
-
-mcast_solicit
--------------
-
-Maximum number of retries for multicast solicitation.
-
-delay_first_probe_time
-----------------------
-
-Delay for  the  first  time  probe  if  the  neighbor  is  reachable.  (see
-gc_stale_time)
-
-locktime
---------
-
-An ARP/neighbor  entry  is only replace