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size bloat. Unfortunately, I expect this to disable the majority of the
benefit from r152737. I'm hopeful at least that it will fix PR12345. To
explain this requires... quite a bit of backstory I'm afraid.
TL;DR: The change in r152737 actually did The Wrong Thing for
linkonce-odr functions. This change makes it do the right thing. The
benefits we saw were simple luck, not any actual strategy. Benchmark
numbers after a mini-blog-post so that I've written down my thoughts on
why all of this works and doesn't work...
To understand what's going on here, you have to understand how the
"bottom-up" inliner actually works. There are two fundamental modes to
the inliner:
1) Standard fixed-cost bottom-up inlining. This is the mode we usually
think about. It walks from the bottom of the CFG up to the top,
looking at callsites, taking information about the callsite and the
called function and computing th expected cost of inlining into that
callsite. If the cost is under a fixed threshold, it inlines. It's
a touch more complicated than that due to all the bonuses, weights,
etc. Inlining the last callsite to an internal function gets higher
weighth, etc. But essentially, this is the mode of operation.
2) Deferred bottom-up inlining (a term I just made up). This is the
interesting mode for this patch an r152737. Initially, this works
just like mode #1, but once we have the cost of inlining into the
callsite, we don't just compare it with a fixed threshold. First, we
check something else. Let's give some names to the entities at this
point, or we'll end up hopelessly confused. We're considering
inlining a function 'A' into its callsite within a function 'B'. We
want to check whether 'B' has any callers, and whether it might be
inlined into those callers. If so, we also check whether inlining 'A'
into 'B' would block any of the opportunities for inlining 'B' into
its callers. We take the sum of the costs of inlining 'B' into its
callers where that inlining would be blocked by inlining 'A' into
'B', and if that cost is less than the cost of inlining 'A' into 'B',
then we skip inlining 'A' into 'B'.
Now, in order for #2 to make sense, we have to have some confidence that
we will actually have the opportunity to inline 'B' into its callers
when cheaper, *and* that we'll be able to revisit the decision and
inline 'A' into 'B' if that ever becomes the correct tradeoff. This
often isn't true for external functions -- we can see very few of their
callers, and we won't be able to re-consider inlining 'A' into 'B' if
'B' is external when we finally see more callers of 'B'. There are two
cases where we believe this to be true for C/C++ code: functions local
to a translation unit, and functions with an inline definition in every
translation unit which uses them. These are represented as internal
linkage and linkonce-odr (resp.) in LLVM. I enabled this logic for
linkonce-odr in r152737.
Unfortunately, when I did that, I also introduced a subtle bug. There
was an implicit assumption that the last caller of the function within
the TU was the last caller of the function in the program. We want to
bonus the last caller of the function in the program by a huge amount
for inlining because inlining that callsite has very little cost.
Unfortunately, the last caller in the TU of a linkonce-odr function is
*not* the last caller in the program, and so we don't want to apply this
bonus. If we do, we can apply it to one callsite *per-TU*. Because of
the way deferred inlining works, when it sees this bonus applied to one
callsite in the TU for 'B', it decides that inlining 'B' is of the
*utmost* importance just so we can get that final bonus. It then
proceeds to essentially force deferred inlining regardless of the actual
cost tradeoff.
The result? PR12345: code bloat, code bloat, code bloat. Another result
is getting *damn* lucky on a few benchmarks, and the over-inlining
exposing critically important optimizations. I would very much like
a list of benchmarks that regress after this change goes in, with
bitcode before and after. This will help me greatly understand what
opportunities the current cost analysis is missing.
Initial benchmark numbers look very good. WebKit files that exhibited
the worst of PR12345 went from growing to shrinking compared to Clang
with r152737 reverted.
- Bootstrapped Clang is 3% smaller with this change.
- Bootstrapped Clang -O0 over a single-source-file of lib/Lex is 4%
faster with this change.
Please let me know about any other performance impact you see. Thanks to
Nico for reporting and urging me to actually fix, Richard Smith, Duncan
Sands, Manuel Klimek, and Benjamin Kramer for talking through the issues
today.
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to instead rely on much more generic and powerful instruction
simplification in the function cloner (and thus inliner).
This teaches the pruning function cloner to use instsimplify rather than
just the constant folder to fold values during cloning. This can
simplify a large number of things that constant folding alone cannot
begin to touch. For example, it will realize that 'or' and 'and'
instructions with certain constant operands actually become constants
regardless of what their other operand is. It also can thread back
through the caller to perform simplifications that are only possible by
looking up a few levels. In particular, GEPs and pointer testing tend to
fold much more heavily with this change.
This should (in some cases) have a positive impact on compile times with
optimizations on because the inliner itself will simply avoid cloning
a great deal of code. It already attempted to prune proven-dead code,
but now it will be use the stronger simplifications to prove more code
dead.
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It was added in 2007 as the first cut at supporting no-inline
attributes, but we didn't have function attributes of any form at the
time. However, it was added without any mention in the LangRef or other
documentation.
Later on, in 2008, Devang added function notes for 'inline=never' and
then turned them into proper function attributes. From that point
onward, as far as I can tell, the world moved on, and no one has touched
'llvm.noinline' in any meaningful way since.
It's time has now come. We have had better mechanisms for doing this for
a long time, all the frontends I'm aware of use them, and this is just
holding back progress. Given that it was never a documented feature of
the IR, I've provided no auto-upgrade support. If people know of real,
in-the-wild bitcode that relies on this, yell at me and I'll add it, but
I *seriously* doubt anyone cares.
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directly query the function information which this set was representing.
This simplifies the interface of the inline cost analysis, and makes the
always-inline pass significantly more efficient.
Previously, always-inline would first make a single set of every
function in the module *except* those marked with the always-inline
attribute. It would then query this set at every call site to see if the
function was a member of the set, and if so, refuse to inline it. This
is quite wasteful. Instead, simply check the function attribute directly
when looking at the callsite.
The normal inliner also had similar redundancy. It added every function
in the module with the noinline attribute to its set to ignore, even
though inside the cost analysis function we *already tested* the
noinline attribute and produced the same result.
The only tricky part of removing this is that we have to be able to
correctly remove only the functions inlined by the always-inline pass
when finalizing, which requires a bit of a hack. Still, much less of
a hack than the set of all non-always-inline functions was. While I was
touching this function, I switched a heavy-weight set to a vector with
sort+unique. The algorithm already had a two-phase insert and removal
pattern, we were just needlessly paying the uniquing cost on every
insert.
This probably speeds up some compiles by a small amount (-O0 compiles
with lots of always-inline, so potentially heavy libc++ users), but I've
not tried to measure it.
I believe there is no functional change here, but yell if you spot one.
None are intended.
Finally, the direction this is going in is to greatly simplify the
inline cost query interface so that we can replace its implementation
with a much more clever one. Along the way, all the APIs get simplified,
so it seems incrementally good.
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which are small enough to themselves be inlined. Delaying in this manner
can be harmful if the function is inelligible for inlining in some (or
many) contexts as it pessimizes the code of the function itself in the
event that inlining does not eventually happen.
Previously the check was written to only do this delaying of inlining
for static functions in the hope that they could be entirely deleted and
in the knowledge that all callers of static functions will have the
opportunity to inline if it is in fact profitable. However, with C++ we
get two other important sources of functions where the definition is
always available for inlining: inline functions and templated functions.
This patch generalizes the inliner to allow linkonce-ODR (the linkage
such C++ routines receive) to also qualify for this delay-based
inlining.
Benchmarking across a range of large real-world applications shows
roughly 2% size increase across the board, but an average speedup of
about 0.5%. Some benhcmarks improved over 2%, and the 'clang' binary
itself (when bootstrapped with this feature) shows a 1% -O0 performance
improvement when run over all Sema, Lex, and Parse source code smashed
into a single file. A clean re-build of Clang+LLVM with a bootstrapped
Clang shows approximately 2% improvement, but that measurement is often
noisy.
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candidate set for subsequent inlining, try to simplify the arguments to
the inner call site now that inlining has been performed.
The goal here is to propagate and fold constants through deeply nested
call chains. Without doing this, we loose the inliner bonus that should
be applied because the arguments don't match the exact pattern the cost
estimator uses.
Reviewed on IRC by Benjamin Kramer.
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http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/pipermail/llvm-commits/Week-of-Mon-20120130/136146.html
Implemented CaseIterator and it solves almost all described issues: we don't need to mix operand/case/successor indexing anymore. Base iterator class is implemented as a template since it may be initialized either from "const SwitchInst*" or from "SwitchInst*".
ConstCaseIt is just a read-only iterator.
CaseIt is read-write iterator; it allows to change case successor and case value.
Usage of iterator allows totally remove resolveXXXX methods. All indexing convertions done automatically inside the iterator's getters.
Main way of iterator usage looks like this:
SwitchInst *SI = ... // intialize it somehow
for (SwitchInst::CaseIt i = SI->caseBegin(), e = SI->caseEnd(); i != e; ++i) {
BasicBlock *BB = i.getCaseSuccessor();
ConstantInt *V = i.getCaseValue();
// Do something.
}
If you want to convert case number to TerminatorInst successor index, just use getSuccessorIndex iterator's method.
If you want initialize iterator from TerminatorInst successor index, use CaseIt::fromSuccessorIndex(...) method.
There are also related changes in llvm-clients: klee and clang.
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Found by valgrind.
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are optimization hints, but at -O0 we're not optimizing. This becomes a problem
when the alwaysinline attribute is abused.
rdar://10921594
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returns 'true' and emits a warning. Help it out.
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they'll be simple enough to simulate, and to reduce the chance we'll encounter
equal but different simple pointer constants.
This removes the symptoms from PR11352 but is not a full fix. A proper fix would
either require a guarantee that two constant objects we simulate are folded
when equal, or a different way of handling equal pointers (ie., trying a
constantexpr icmp on them to see whether we know they're equal or non-equal or
unsure).
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the information that they pass around between them. No functionality change!
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useful to represent a variable that is const in the source but can't be constant
in the IR because of a non-trivial constructor. If globalopt evaluates the
constructor, and there was an invariant.start with no matching invariant.end
possible, it will mark the global constant afterwards.
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that no optz'ns have run yet to convert invokes to calls.
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to TargetLibraryInfo and use one of them in GlobalOpt.
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few fixme's when TLI was added.
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doxy-style on local variables to not do so. Fix one 80-col violation.
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GlobalOpt runs early in the pipeline (before inlining) and complex class
hierarchies often introduce bitcasts or GEPs which weren't optimized away.
Teach it to ignore side-effect free instructions instead of depending on
other passes to remove them.
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remove the code that handles them.
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change.
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* Most of the transforms come through intact by having each transformed load or
store copy the ordering and synchronization scope of the original.
* The transform that turns a global only accessed in main() into an alloca
(since main is non-recursive) with a store of the initial value uses an
unordered store, since it's guaranteed to be the first thing to happen in main.
(Threads may have started before main (!) but they can't have the address of a
function local before the point in the entry block we insert our code.)
* The heap-SRoA transforms are disabled in the face of atomic operations. This
can probably be improved; it seems odd to have atomic accesses to an alloca
that doesn't have its address taken.
AnalyzeGlobal keeps track of the strongest ordering found in any use of the
global. This is more information than we need right now, but it's cheap to
compute and likely to be useful.
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The purpose of refactoring is to hide operand roles from SwitchInst user (programmer). If you want to play with operands directly, probably you will need lower level methods than SwitchInst ones (TerminatorInst or may be User). After this patch we can reorganize SwitchInst operands and successors as we want.
What was done:
1. Changed semantics of index inside the getCaseValue method:
getCaseValue(0) means "get first case", not a condition. Use getCondition() if you want to resolve the condition. I propose don't mix SwitchInst case indexing with low level indexing (TI successors indexing, User's operands indexing), since it may be dangerous.
2. By the same reason findCaseValue(ConstantInt*) returns actual number of case value. 0 means first case, not default. If there is no case with given value, ErrorIndex will returned.
3. Added getCaseSuccessor method. I propose to avoid usage of TerminatorInst::getSuccessor if you want to resolve case successor BB. Use getCaseSuccessor instead, since internal SwitchInst organization of operands/successors is hidden and may be changed in any moment.
4. Added resolveSuccessorIndex and resolveCaseIndex. The main purpose of these methods is to see how case successors are really mapped in TerminatorInst.
4.1 "resolveSuccessorIndex" was created if you need to level down from SwitchInst to TerminatorInst. It returns TerminatorInst's successor index for given case successor.
4.2 "resolveCaseIndex" converts low level successors index to case index that curresponds to the given successor.
Note: There are also related compatability fix patches for dragonegg, klee, llvm-gcc-4.0, llvm-gcc-4.2, safecode, clang.
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This is the initial checkin of the basic-block autovectorization pass along with some supporting vectorization infrastructure.
Special thanks to everyone who helped review this code over the last several months (especially Tobias Grosser).
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we should (theoretically optimize and codegen ConstantDataVector as well
as ConstantVector.
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new methods recently added to (sometimes greatly!) simplify code.
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EP_ModuleOptimizerEarly, to allow passes to be added before the
main ModulePass optimizers.
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doesn't abuse the semantics of linker_private. We don't really want to merge any string constant with a weak_odr global.
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with other symbols.
An object in the __cfstring section is suppoed to be filled with CFString
objects, which have a pointer to ___CFConstantStringClassReference followed by a
pointer to a __cstring. If we allow the object in the __cstring section to be
merged with another global, then it could end up in any section. Because the
linker is going to remove these symbols in the final executable, we shouldn't
bother to merge them.
<rdar://problem/10564621>
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global initializers if there's an implied extension or truncation.
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Eliminate the dead test for it on each loop iteration. No functionality change.
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captured. This allows the tracker to look at the specific use, which may be
especially interesting for function calls.
Use this to fix 'nocapture' deduction in FunctionAttrs. The existing one does
not iterate until a fixpoint and does not guarantee that it produces the same
result regardless of iteration order. The new implementation builds up a graph
of how arguments are passed from function to function, and uses a bottom-up walk
on the argument-SCCs to assign nocapture. This gets us nocapture more often, and
does so rather efficiently and independent of iteration order.
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Add FIXMEs to places that are non-trivial to fix.
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where it appeared beneficial to pass.
More of rdar://10500969
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